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I love Poland - old historical country in center of Europe
Poland
Situated at the centre of Europe, and the largest of the former Eastern European states, Poland's position is crucial.
Poland has become one of the major destinations for travellers. Its beauty can be admired in both its old cities and in the wild scenery of its national parks and nature reserves. The country's regions are largely divided into horizontal bands: the Baltic Coast and the hilly post-glacial lake district.
Central Poland is split into northern lowlands and southern uplands, including the Kraków-Wielun Upland with its limestone areas, caves and medieval castles. The Carpathian Mountains, including the Tatras, lie in the extreme south; their mountain scenery, folklore and sports facilities contributing to their charm.
Poland is a nation with a proud cultural heritage, and theatre, music and opera companies abound. The former textile city of Lodz is proud of its film school, alma mater to directors Roman Polanski and Krzysztof Kieslowski. There is also a strong tradition of graphic design and glassware.
Although the native soil for composer FrederickChopin, scientist Marie Curie (neé Skladowska) and astronomer Nicholas Copernicus, Poland is best remembered for being the birthplace of the former Soviet bloc's first officially recognised independent mass political movement when strikes at the Gdansk shipyard in August 1980 led to agreement with the authorities on the establishment of the Solidarnosc (Solidarity) trade union.
Elections in summer 1989 ushered in eastern Europe's first post-Communist government. Poland is a member of the European Union and has achieved success in creating a market economy and attracting foreign investment. Growth is slow-moving and growing pains are apparent in the high unemployment rate and mass exodus of qualified people to other countries in search of a decent wage, but the potential exists for a healthier economy.
Nestled in the heart of Europe, Poland has served as a bridge between east and west for centuries. The multifaceted European country is a contemporary and medieval mix. Poland is a relatively reasonably priced vacation destination. There are several significant historical sites in Poland, as noted by UNESCO's World Heritage List.
The United Nations, UNESCO, has developed and maintained a list of significant places in the world, known as the World Heritage List, selected by a committee. Of the 851 world wide properties selected by the World Heritage List, thirteen are in Poland..Following are the outstanding significant historic places in Poland.
Include some of the following historic sights of Poland in the vacation travel itinerary.
Cracow's Historic Centre.Poland's former capital has a historic center which is located at the foot of the Royal Wawel Castle. Kracow is a 13th century merchants' town. For many centuries Krakow was the capital of Poland. the seat of kings. Krakow drew great scholars, artists and talented personalities who . used their imagination to make Krakow a city with rich legacy of unique history. The market square is the largest in Europe. There are a number of historic houses, palaces and churches. Historic attractions include: 14th century fortifications, medieval site of Kazimierz with ancient synagogues, Jagellonian University and the Gothic cathedral which is the burial place of the Polish Kings.
Wieliczka Salt Mine: Deposits of rock salt have been mined at Wieliczka since the 13th century. Wieliczka Salt Mine is near the great, historic city of Krakow. Wieliczka used to be one of the biggest, most profitable industrial establishments in the world. In medieval times salt was the commercial equivalent of todays oil. Since the 18th century Wieliczka salt mine has become a tourist attraction. The salt mine is spread over nine levels, with altars, artworks and statues sculpted in salt. The museum is one of Europe's largest mining museums. The subterranean museum takes about three hours to tour.
Auschwitz Birkenau, German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940-1945): Grim reminder of the Nazi genocide. The extermination camp was the third largest of the Third Reich.
Belovezhskaya Pushcha / Bialowieza Forest: Immense forest range situated on the watershed of the Black Sean and the Baltic Sea. The forest is home to some remarkable animal life including rare mammals, wolf, lynx, otter and 300 European Bison.
Historic Centre of Warsaw: The Old Town was 85% destroyed by Nazi troops in 1944. A five year reconstruction campaign after the war by the citizens resulted in a meticulous restoration. The Old town has churches, palaces and the market place. Selected as an outstanding example o near total reconstruction. The span of history of the Old Town covers the 13th to the 20th century. The Old Town is the oldest section of Warsaw.
Old City of Zamosc: The chancellor Jan Zamoysky founded Zamosc in the 16th century. The trade route links western and northern Europe with the Black Sea. It is considered a perfect example of a late 16th century Renaissance town. The town has its original layout and fortifications. Zamosc is modeled on Italian theories of the "ideal city".
Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork: The Teutonic Order owned this 13th century fortified monastery Considered an especially fine example of a medieval brick castle, the monastery fell into decay, but was restored in the 19th and 20th centuries. It sustained severe damage during World war II, but has been restored again. A large portion of the fortification complex was turned into a pleasant park after being destroyed in 1866. Selected by UNESCO as a site of considerable historic value of the evidence of the evolution of modern philosophy and for the practice of restorations and conservation.
Medieval Town of Turun: The Teutonic Order built a castle in Torun in the mid 13th century The castle was the base for conquest and evangelizing of Prussia. The town had a commercial role in the Hanseatic League. There are many public an private buildings from the 14th and 15th centuries including the house of Copernicus. Selected by UNESCO as an example of a preserved historic trading city. and a complete picture of medieval life.
Kalwria Zebrzydowska: Mannerist Architectural and Park Landscape Complex and Pilgrimage Park: Spiritually significant cultural landscape with a series of symbolic places of worship relating to the Passion of Jesus Christ and the life of the /Virgin Mary. The symbolic worship places were laid out at the beginning of the 17th century and has remained virtually unchanged. Today it is a spiritual place of pilgrimage. Selected by UNESCO as an exceptional cultural monument in a natural landscape.
Churches of Peace in Jawor and Swidnica: Large timber framed religious buildings were built in the mid-17th century.The Protestant churches are in a country predominated by Catholic Churches. Selected as a witness to a particular political and spiritual development in Europe in the17th century.
Wooden Churches of Southern Little Poland: Outstanding examples of different aspects of medieval church-building in the roman Catholic Church. The wooden churches are built using horizontal log techniques. The techniques have been common in eastern and northern Europe since the Middle Ages.
Muskauer Park / Park Muzkowski: Landscaped Park on the Neisse River and the border between Poland and Germany. The park was designed to blend seamlessly with the surrounding farming landscape. The park innovated new approaches o landscape design. Selected by UNESCO for groundbreaking development of man-made landscape.
Centennial Hall in Wroclaw: Erected in 1911 - 1913 by Max Berg, The Hall is a landmark of reinforced concrete. Selected as a pioneering work of modern engineering and architecture. Wroclaw is located in southwestern Poland, near the border of Germany and the Czech Republic. The City of Wroclaw is a dramatic city with reminders of medieval times within the city walls.
Lech Walesa
Lech Walesa was born on September 29, 1943 in Popowo, Poland. After graduating from vocational school, he worked as a car mechanic at a machine center from 1961 to 1965. He served in the army for two years, rose to the rank of corporal, and in 1967 was employed in the Gdansk shipyards as an electrician. In 1969 he married Danuta Golos and they have eight children.
During the clash in December 1970 between the workers and the government, he was one of the leaders of the shipyard workers and was briefly detained. In 1976, however, as a result of his activities as a shop steward, he was fired and had to earn his living by taking temporary jobs.
In 1978 with other activists he began to organise free non-communist trade unions and took part in many actions on the sea coast. He was kept under surveillance by the state security service and frequently detained.
In August 1980 he led the Gdansk shipyard strike which gave rise to a wave of strikes over much of the country with Walesa seen as the leader. The primary demands were for workers' rights. The authorities were forced to capitulate and to negotiate with Walesa the Gdansk Agreement of August 31, 1980, which gave the workers the right to strike and to organise their own independent union.
The Catholic Church supported the movement, and in January 1981 Walesa was cordially received by Pope John Paul II in the Vatican. Walesa himself has always regarded his Catholicism as a source of strength and inspiration. In the years 1980-81 Walesa travelled to Italy, Japan, Sweden, France and Switzerland as guest of the International Labour Organisation. In September 1981 he was elected Solidarity Chairman at the First National Solidarity Congress in Gdansk.
The country's brief enjoyment of relative freedom ended in December 1981, when General Jaruzelski, fearing Soviet armed intervention among other considerations, imposed martial law, "suspended" Solidarity, arrested many of its leaders, and interned Walesa in a country house in a remote spot.
In November 1982 Walesa was released and reinstated at the Gdansk shipyards. Although kept under surveillance, he managed to maintain lively contact with Solidarity leaders in the underground. While martial law was lifted in July 1983, many of the restrictions were continued in civil code. In October 1983 the announcement of Walesa's Nobel prize raised the spirits of the underground movement, but the award was attacked by the government press.
The Jaruzelski regime became even more unpopular as economic conditions worsened, and it was finally forced to negotiate with Walesa and his Solidarity colleagues. The result was the holding of parliamentary elections which, although limited, led to the establishment of a non-communist government. Under Mikhail Gorbachev the Soviet Union was no longer prepared to use military force to keep communist parties in satellite states in power.
Walesa, now head of the revived Solidarity labour union, began a series of meetings with world leaders.
In April 1990 at Solidarity's second national congress, Walesa was elected chairman with 77.5% of the votes. In December 1990 in a general ballot he was elected President of the Republic of Poland. He served until defeated in the election of November 1995.
Walesa has been granted many honorary degrees from universities, including Harvard University and the University of Paris. Other honors include the Medal of Freedom (Philadelphia, U.S.A.); the Award of Free World (Norway); and the European Award of Human Rights.
Lech Walesa, the anti-communist leader who once championed the cause of Polish freedom, has threatened to quit Poland and return his Nobel peace prize after fresh allegations surfaced that he once collaborated with the country's communist-era secret services.
By Matthew Day in Warsaw Last Updated: 9:26PM BST 30 Mar 2009
Mr Walesa described the accusations as 'outrageous, disgusting and barbarous slanders'Photo: AP
Mr Walesa, who led the Solidarity trade union that toppled communism in Poland in 1989, said he was tired of defending himself against claims that he cooperated with the communist regime.
Writing on his internet blog the former Polish president said he would "hand back every award and as a next step I'll leave the country", if he had to continue to contend with the allegations. Adding that he "wasn't joking", he also announced that he was withdrawing from public life in protest.
Mr Walesa's ire had been sparked by the publication this week of a biography about him, written by a historian at the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), the state body charged with investigating crimes during Poland's communist past.
In Lech Walesa: Idea and History, Pawel Zyzak maintains that Poland's first post-communist president, who shot to world prominence when he led nationwide strikes against one-party rule in 1980, worked for Poland's secret police, the SB. The 24-year-old historian also claimed that Mr Walesa fathered an illegitimate child in 1963.
Mr Walesa described the accusations as "outrageous, disgusting and barbarous slanders".
The accusations of collaboration are the latest Mr Walesa has had to deal with.
Last year two historians from the same institute repeated long-standing claims that as agent "Bolek" he spied on colleagues in the free trade union movement for a number of years.
Mr Walesa has always argued that he is the victim of a political witch hunt, with old political adversaries, who believe he betrayed Poland during negotiations with the communist government in 1989, determined to sully his name.
Mr Walesa has received the backing of Poland's prime minister, Donald Tusk, who warned the IPN that "it would only survive if it maintains political and ideological neutrality".
A vetting court which looked into earlier spying accusations against Mr Walesa exonerated him in 2000, saying the SB security service forged documents in his file in a futile bid to prevent him receiving the Nobel Prize in 1983.
Former Polish president Lech Walesa - who spearheaded the east European anti-communist movement in the 1980s - is in Kiev to try to resolve Ukraine's political crisis.
Walesa won less than 1% of the vote in 2000's presidential poll
One of the founding members of Poland's Solidarity trade union movement, which emerged to challenge the communist government during strikes in the Gdansk shipyards in August 1980, Mr Walesa came to symbolise the political struggle which led to the collapse of the Soviet bloc.
He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and in 1990 was swept to power as the country's post-communist president.
But his confrontational style alienated voters, and he often embarrassed the political establishment with his bluntness and lack of sophistication. In 1995 he failed to gain a second term in office.
Highs and lows
Mr Walesa was born in 1943 in Popowo, Poland, to a carpenter and his wife. He attended primary and vocational school, before he left home at the age of 16 to become an electrician.
Lech Walesa
1980: Becomes leader of Solidarity
1981: Arrested in anti-democracy crackdown
1982: Released, Polish martial law eased
1983: Awarded Nobel peace prize
1984: Solidarity legalised
1990: Elected president of Poland
1995: Defeated in presidential election
2000: Defeated again in presidential poll
2002: Offers to go to Iraq
2004: Goes to Ukraine
He then went to Gdansk and joined the Lenin Shipyard, quickly becoming involved in an illegal strike committee.
It was in 1988 that he led the series of nationwide strikes, a year before he negotiated an agreement with the government under which Solidarity was legalized and allowed to campaign as a political party in the upcoming elections.
After five years as president, in 1995 he was defeated narrowly by the ex-communist minister Aleksander Kwasniewski.
He said then that he was going into political retirement, but remained active, and made another bid for the presidency in 2000. But his waning influence harshly manifested itself when he secured less than 1% of the vote.
It had been a difficult campaign. Mr Walesa was accused of having worked for the communist police by spying on fellow dissidents in the 1970s, and although he was cleared of the charges in August, many Poles remained shocked by the allegations.
Airport man
Nonetheless, he is still regarded by many as the hero and an important symbol of the anti-communist struggle.
Early in 2004, the Gdansk-Tricity international airport was officially renamed to Gdansk Lech Walesa Airport in commemoration of the city's former shipyard worker.
But even this was not without difficulty; there was much debate about whether the name as it appeared in the airport's logo should be spelt with or without diacritics.
He is also a regular billing on the international lecture circuit, sharing his view on the history and politics of Central Europe at various foreign universities.
And he has also tried to involve himself in international crises, although so far with limited success. His offer in 2002 to lead a team of weapons inspectors to Iraq met little enthusiasm.
It remains to be seen what will become of his latest venture, to mediate in the presidential stand-off in Ukraine.
Chopin Works List
Sorted by Opus Number
Polonaise
for pianoforte composed 1818
work is lost! It has been presented by Chopin to the Empress Maria Teoderowna, mother of the Czar, on the occasion of her visit to Warszawa on 26 Sep 1818.
Polonaise
for pianoforte composed 1818
work is lost! It has been presented by Chopin to the Empress Maria Teodorowna, mother of the Czar, on the occasion of her visit to Warszawa on 26 Sep 1818. This is the second lost Polonaise of 1818!
Variations
for pianoforte composed 1818
work is lost! It's mentioned in the "Pamietnik Warzawski" of 1818
Polonaise 'Barber of Seville'
for pianoforte composed 1825/11
work is lost! in 1825/11 Chopin wrote to Bialoblocki: "I have done a new Polonaise on the "Barber" which is fairly well liked. I think of sending it to be lithographed tomorrow."
Variations
for pianoforte & pianoforte in F Major composed 1826
work is lost! Listed by Louise Chopin
Variations on an Irish National Air (from Thomas Moore)
for pianoforte & pianoforte composed 1826
work is lost! It's stated to be "in D major or B minor."
Waltz
for pianoforte in C Major composed 1826
work is lost!
Andante dolente
for pianoforte in B flat minor composed 1827
work is lost! Mentioned in the list of Louise Chopin
Ecossaise
for pianoforte in B Flat Major composed 1827
work is lost! Mentioned in the list of Louise Chopin.
Waltz
for pianoforte in D minor composed 1828
work is lost! It's given in Louise's list, with the date, and entitled (? by Louise) 'La partenza' ('The departure')
Waltz
for pianoforte (supposedly) in A Flat Major composed 1830/12 (?)
work is lost! We know about it from a letter Chopin wrote on 12/21/1830 from Vienna to his family.
Polonaise
for pianoforte in G minor (Br. 1) composed 1817
Military March
for pianoforte (Br. 2) composed 1817
no copy of this publication is known.
the piece was scored for military band (not by Chopin)
Polonaise
for pianoforte in B Flat Major (Br. 3) composed 1817
Mazurka ('Mazurek')
for pianoforte in D Major (Br. 4) composed 1820 (?)
Date of comp. doubtful!
Polonaise
for pianoforte in A Flat Major (Br. 5) composed 1821/4
manuscript is a doubtful autograph
Polonaise
for pianoforte in G sharp minor (Br. 6) composed 1822
no publisher's number on publication
First name of Mme. Dupont doubtful
Variations on a theme from Rossini's 'La Cenerentola'
for pianoforte & flute in E Major (Br. 9) composed 1824
Polonaise
for pianoforte in B Flat Major (Br. 13) composed 1826/7
Introduction and Variations on a German National Air ('Der Schweizerbub')
for pianoforte in E Major (Br. 14) composed 1826/summer
The folk-song is probably Tyrolean
Mazurka No. 1
for pianoforte in G Major (Br. 16) composed 1826
The Mazurka exists in 2 versions:
1st version published by M. Leitgeber, Poznan, 5 Jan 1875.
2nd version published in Warszawa 1826
Mazurka No. 2
for pianoforte in B Flat Major (Br. 16) composed 1826
The Mazurka exists in 2 versions:
1st version published by M. Leitgeber, Poznan, 5 Jan 1875.
2nd version published in Warszawa 1826
Contredanse
for pianoforte in G Flat Major (Br. 17) composed 1827 (?)
Waltz
for pianoforte in A Flat Major (Br. 21) composed 1827
Mazurka
for pianoforte in D Major (Br. 31) composed 1829
Polonaise
for pianoforte in G Flat Major (Br. 36) composed 1829/7 before (probably)
Variations 'Souvenir de Paganini'
for pianoforte in A Major (Br. 37) composed 1829/summer
Theme of these variations is the Italian air 'Le Carnival de Venise' used by Paganini himself as the basis of variations in his op. 10.
Mazurka
for pianoforte in G Major (Br. 39) composed 1829/8/22
This is the setting of a poem by Ignac Macicowski, who accompanied Chopin in August 1829 when returning from Wien to Warszawa.
Waltz (sketch)
for pianoforte in A minor (Br. 40) composed 1829 (?)
The manuscript consists of sketches for a brief prelude and the main theme.
Waltz
for pianoforte in E Major (Br. 44) composed 1829
Waltz
for pianoforte in E Flat Major (Br. 46) composed 1829 - 1830
Nocturne (Lento con gran espressione)
for pianoforte in C sharp minor (Br. 49) composed 1830/spring
dedication doubtful, see Monthly Musical Record, Nov-Dec 1956.
Song -- 'Charms' ('This charms, so surely charms!') ['Czary' ('To sa czary, pewnoczary!') ]
for voice & pianoforte in D minor (Br. 51) composed 1830
the 1910 edition was a facsimile reproduction of an album Chopin had sent to Maria Wodzinska. Brown (1960), p. 52, says "the first true publication was in vol. XVII of the Polish 'Complete works' of Chopin, Warsaw, 1954".
Waltz
for pianoforte in E minor (Br. 56) composed 1830/5 (?)
Contrabass part to a three-part Canon by Mendelssohn
for pianoforte in B minor (Br. 69) composed 1832/4/16
Grand Duo on themes from Meyerbeer's 'Robert le Diable'
for pianoforte & cello in E Major (Br. 70) composed 1832/early
Mazurka
for pianoforte in D Major (Br. 71) composed 1832
this is a considerably revised version of the Mazurka in D major, of 1829 (see Brown (1960) p. 30)
Mazurka
for pianoforte in B Flat Major (Br. 73) composed 1832/6/24
Mazurka
for pianoforte in C Major (Br. 82) composed 1833
Cantabile
for pianoforte in B Flat Major (Br. 84) composed 1834
Mazurka
for pianoforte in A Flat Major (Br. 85) composed 1834/7
Prelude
for pianoforte in A Flat Major (Br. 86) composed 1834/7/10
Nocturne
for pianoforte in C minor (Br. 108) composed 1837
Largo in E flat major
for pianoforte in E Flat Major (Br. 109) composed 1837 (?)
Variation no. 6, for the 'Hexameron'
for pianoforte in E Major (Br. 113) composed 1837
Canon at the octave
for pianoforte in F minor (Br. 129) composed 1839 (?)
Nouvelle Etude no. 1
for pianoforte in F minor (Br. 130) composed 1839/autumn late
Nouvelle Etude no. 2
for pianoforte in A Flat Major (Br. 130) composed 1839/autumn late
Nouvelle Etude no. 3
for pianoforte in D Flat Major (Br. 130) composed 1839/autumn late
Song 'Dirge' ('Mist before my eyes') ['Dumka'('Mgla mi do oczu zawiewa zlona') ]
for voice & pianoforte in A minor (Br. 132) composed 1840/3/25
Waltz ('Sostenuto')
for pianoforte in E Flat Major (Br. 133) composed 1840/7/20
Mazurka ('Notre Temps')
for pianoforte in A minor (Br. 134) composed 1840/summer
Mazurka
for pianoforte in A minor (Br. 140) composed 1841
Fugue
for pianoforte in A minor (Br. 144) composed 1841-42
Waltz
for pianoforte in A minor (Br. 150) composed 1843 (?)
Moderato ('Albumblatt')
for pianoforte in E Major (Br. 151) composed 1843
Bourree no. 1
for pianoforte in G Major (Br. 160) composed 1846 (?)
Bourree no. 2
for pianoforte in A Major (Br. 160) composed 1846 (?)
Waltz
for pianoforte in B Major (Br. 166) composed 1848/10/12
Rondo op. 1
for pianoforte in C minor Op. 1 (Br. 10) composed 1825/5
the work has been erroneously called "Rondeau on 'Don Giovanni'"
Variations on a theme from Mozart's 'Don Giovanni' ('La ci darem la mano') op. 2
for pianoforte & orchestra in B Flat Major Op. 2 (Br. 22) composed 1827/summer late
Polonaise op. 3
for pianoforte & cello in C Major Op. 3 (Br. 41) composed 1829/10/20 - 1829/10/28
There exist arrangements for pianoforte solo, for pianoforte & cello OR violin, for pianoforte & viola, for pianoforte & flute. These arrangements are not Chopin's. For details see Brown (1960) p. 41.
Introduction to the Polonaise op. 3
for pianoforte & cello in C Major Op. 3 (Br. 52) composed 1830/4
Sonata op. 4 (posth.)
for pianoforte in C minor Op. 4 (Br. 23) composed 1828/early
The inscription on the autograph says "oeuvre 3", which is incorrect.
Rondo a la Mazur op. 5
for pianoforte in F Major Op. 5 (Br. 15) composed 1826
Mazurka op. 6, 1
for pianoforte in F sharp minor Op. 6, 1 (Br. 60) composed 1830/late
Mazurka op. 6, 2
for pianoforte in C sharp minor Op. 6, 2 (Br. 60) composed 1830/late
Mazurka op. 6, 3
for pianoforte in E Major Op. 6, 3 (Br. 60) composed 1830/late
Mazurka op. 6, 4
for pianoforte in E flat minor Op. 6, 4 (Br. 60) composed 1830/late
Mazurka op. 7, 1
for pianoforte in B Flat Major Op. 7, 1 (Br. 61) composed 1830-31
Mazurka op. 7, 2
for pianoforte in A minor Op. 7, 2 (Br. 61) composed 1830-31
for the 1st version see Br. 45
Mazurka op. 7, 3
for pianoforte in F minor Op. 7, 3 (Br. 61) composed 1830-31
Mazurka op. 7, 4 (1st version)
for pianoforte in A Flat Major Op. 7, 4 (Br. 7) composed 1824
this is the first version of Br. 61 = op. 7, 4
Mazurka op. 7, 4
for pianoforte in A Flat Major Op. 7, 4 (Br. 61) composed 1824
Mazurka op. 7, 5
for pianoforte in C Major Op. 7, 5 (Br. 61) composed 1830-31
Trio op. 8
for pianoforte & viol& cello in G minor Op. 8 (Br. 25) composed 1829/early
Nocturne op. 9, 1
for pianoforte in B flat minor Op. 9, 1 (Br. 54) composed 1830-31/spring
Nocturne op. 9, 2
for pianoforte in E Flat Major Op. 9, 2 (Br. 54) composed 1830-31/spring
Nocturne op. 9, 3
for pianoforte in B Major Op. 9, 3 (Br. 54) composed 1830-31/spring
Study op. 10, 1
for pianoforte in C Major Op. 10, 1 (Br. 59) composed 1830/late autumn
Study op. 10, 2
for pianoforte in A minor Op. 10, 2 (Br. 59) composed 1830/late autumn
Study op. 10, 3
for pianoforte in E Major Op. 10, 3 (Br. 74) composed 1832/8/25
Study op. 10, 4
for pianoforte in C sharp minor Op. 10, 4 (Br. 75) composed 1832/8
Study op. 10, 5
for pianoforte in G Flat Major Op. 10, 5 (Br. 57) composed 1830/summer (?)
Study op. 10, 6
for pianoforte in E Flat Major Op. 10, 6 (Br. 57) composed 1830/summer (?)
Study op. 10, 7
for pianoforte in C Major Op. 10, 7 (Br. 68) composed 1832/spring
Study op. 10, 8
for pianoforte in F Major Op. 10, 8 (Br. 42) composed 1829/10 - 1829/11
Study op. 10, 9
for pianoforte in F minor Op. 10, 9 (Br. 42) composed 1829/10 - 1829/11
Study op. 10, 10
for pianoforte in A Flat Major Op. 10, 10 (Br. 42) composed 1829/10 - 1829/11
Study op. 10, 11
for pianoforte in E Flat Major Op. 10, 11 (Br. 42) composed 1829/10 - 1829/11
Study op. 10, 12
for pianoforte in C minor Op. 10, 12 (Br. 67) composed 1831/9 (?)
Concerto op. 11
for pianoforte & orchestra in E minor Op. 11 (Br. 53) composed 1830/4-8
Introduction and Variations on the 'Ronde' from Herold's 'Ludovic' op. 12
for pianoforte B Flat Major Op. 12 (Br. 80) composed 1833/summer
Grand Fantasia on Polish Airs op. 13
for pianoforte & orchestra in A Major Op. 13 (Br. 28) composed 1828/11
Among the Polish airs used are:
1. the folk song 'Juz miesiac zaszedl, psy sie uspily' ('Already the moon had set, the dogs were asleep')
2. an air by Karol (Kasimir) Kurpinski
3. a Kujawiak (see: Abraham, Gerald, "Chopin's musical style", London 1939, p. 23)
Krakowiak: Grand Concert Rondo op. 14
for pianoforte & orchestra in F Major Op. 14 (Br. 29) composed 1828/11-12
A Krakowiak is a Polish dance in 2/4 time of the Krakow district.
Nocturne op. 15, 1
for pianoforte in F Major Op. 15, 1 (Br. 55) composed 1830-31 (Arthur Hedley says later, after Chopin's arrival in Paris)
Nocturne op. 15, 2
for pianoforte in F Sharp Major Op. 15, 2 (Br. 55) composed 1830-31/spring (Arthur Hedley says later, after Chopin's arrival in Paris)
Nocturne op. 15, 3
for pianoforte in G minor Op. 15, 3 (Br. 79) composed 1833
Introduction and Rondo op. 16
for pianoforte in E Flat Major Op. 16 (Br. 76) composed 1832
Mazurka op. 17, 1
for pianoforte in B Flat Major Op. 17, 1 (Br. 77) composed 1832-33
Mazurka op. 17, 2
for pianoforte in E minor Op. 17, 2 (Br. 77) composed 1832-33
Mazurka op. 17, 3
for pianoforte in A Flat Major Op. 17, 3 (Br. 77) composed 1832-33
Mazurka op. 17, 4 (1st version)
for pianoforte in A minor Op. 17, 4 (Br. 8) composed 1824/8
this is the first version of Br. 77 = op. 17, 4
Mazurka op. 17, 4
for pianoforte in A minor Op. 17, 4 (Br. 77) composed 1832-33
Waltz op. 18
for pianoforte in E Flat Major Op. 18 (Br. 62) composed 1831
Introduction and Bolero op. 19
for pianoforte in A minor Op. 19 (Br. 81) composed 1833
key changes to a major
Scherzo no. 1 op. 20
for pianoforte in B minor Op. 20 (Br. 65) composed 1831/5-6, 1832 revised
Concerto op. 21
for pianoforte & orchestra in F minor Op. 21 (Br. 43) composed 1829/autumn - 1830/early
(1) Breitkopf & Haertel published an arrangement for pianoforte solo shortly after the 1st publication.
(2) First known performance was privately in Chopin's home on 1830/3/3, with Kurpinski conducting. Public performance a fortnnight later in National Theatre, Warszawa.
(3) The work was called 'Second Concerto' on publication due to a delay in preparing the orchestral parts. In order of composition it is the first, though.
Grand Polonaise op. 22
for pianoforte & orchestra in E Flat Major Op. 22 (Br. 58) composed 1830/9 - 1831/7
Andante Spianato op. 22
for pianoforte in G Major Op. 22 (Br. 88) composed 1834
Ballade no. 1 op. 23
for pianoforte in G minor Op. 23 (Br. 66) composed 1831/5-6 sketched, 1835 completed
Mazurka op. 24, 1
for pianoforte in G minor Op. 24, 1 (Br. 89) composed 1834-35
Mazurka op. 24, 2
for pianoforte in C Major Op. 24, 2 (Br. 89) composed 1834-35
Mazurka op. 24, 3
for pianoforte in A Flat Major Op. 24, 3 (Br. 89) composed 1834-35
Mazurka op. 24, 4
for pianoforte in B Flat Major Op. 24, 4 (Br. 89) composed 1834-35
Study op. 25, 1
for pianoforte in A Flat Major Op. 25, 1 (Br. 104) composed 1836/9 early
Study op. 25, 2
for pianoforte in F minor Op. 25, 2 (Br. 97) composed 1836/1
Study op. 25, 3
for pianoforte in F Major Op. 25, 3 (Br. 99) composed 1836
Study op. 25, 4
for pianoforte in A minor Op. 25, 4 (Br. 78) composed 1832-34
Study op. 25, 5
for pianoforte in E minor Op. 25, 5 (Br. 78) composed 1832-34
Study op. 25, 6
for pianoforte in G sharp minor Op. 25, 6 (Br. 78) composed 1832-34
Study op. 25, 7
for pianoforte in C sharp minor Op. 25, 7 (Br. 98) composed 1836/early
Study op. 25, 8
for pianoforte in D Flat Major Op. 25, 8 (Br. 78) composed 1832-34
Study op. 25, 9
for pianoforte in G Flat Major Op. 25, 9 (Br. 78) composed 1832-34
Study op. 25, 10
for pianoforte in B minor Op. 25, 10 (Br. 78) composed 1832-34
Study op. 25, 11
for pianoforte in A minor Op. 25, 11 (Br. 83) composed 1834
Study op. 25, 12
for pianoforte in C minor Op. 25, 12 (Br. 99) composed 1836
Polonaise op. 26, 1
for pianoforte in C sharp minor Op. 26, 1 (Br. 90) composed 1834-35
Polonaise op. 26, 2
for pianoforte in E Flat Major Op. 26, 2 (Br. 90) composed 1834-35
Nocturne op. 27, 1
for pianoforte in C sharp minor Op. 27, 1 (Br. 91) composed 1835
Nocturne op. 27, 2
for pianoforte in D Flat Major Op. 27, 2 (Br. 96) composed 1835/autumn
Prelude op. 28, 1 (?)
for pianoforte in C Major Op. 28, (Br. 124) composed 1839/11 (?)
Prelude op. 28, 2
for pianoforte in A minor Op. 28, 2 (Br. 123) composed 1838/11-12
Prelude op. 28, 3
for pianoforte in G Major Op. 28, 3 (Br. 107) composed 1836-1838/11
Prelude op. 28, 4
for pianoforte in E minor Op. 28, 4 (Br. 123) composed 1838/11-12
Prelude op. 28, 5
for pianoforte in D Major Op. 28, 5 (Br. 107) composed 1836-1838/11
Prelude op. 28, 6
for pianoforte in B minor Op. 28, 6 (Br. 107) composed 1836-1838/11
Prelude op. 28, 7
for pianoforte in A Major Op. 28, 7 (Br. 100) composed 1836
Prelude op. 28, 8
for pianoforte in F Sharp Major Op. 28, 8 (Br. 107) composed 1836-1838/11
Prelude op. 28, 9
for pianoforte in E Major Op. 28, 9 (Br. 107) composed 1836-1838/11
Prelude op, 28, 10
for pianoforte in C sharp minor Op. 28, 10 (Br. 123) composed 1838/11-12
Prelude op. 28, 11
for pianoforte in B Major Op. 28, 11 (Br. 107) composed 1836-1838/11
Prelude op. 28, 12
for pianoforte in G sharp minor Op. 28, 12 (Br. 107) composed 1836-1838/11
Prelude op. 28, 13
for pianoforte in F Sharp Major Op. 28, 13 (Br. 107) composed 1836-1838/11
Prelude op. 28, 14
for pianoforte in E flat minor Op. 28, 14 (Br. 107) composed 1836-1838/11
Prelude op. 28, 15
for pianoforte in D Flat Major Op. 28, 15 (Br. 107) composed 1836-1838/11
Prelude op. 28, 16
for pianoforte in B flat minor Op. 28, 16 (Br. 107) composed 1836-1838/11
Prelude op. 28, 17
for pianoforte in A Flat Major Op. 28, 17 (Br. 100) composed 1836
Prelude op. 28, 18
for pianoforte in F minor Op. 28, 18 (Br. 107) composed 1836-1838/11
Prelude op. 28, 19
for pianoforte in E Flat Major Op. 28, 19 (Br. 107) composed 1836-1838/11
Prelude op. 28, 20
for pianoforte in C minor Op. 28, 20 (Br. 107) composed 1836-1838/11
Prelude op. 28, 21
for pianoforte in B Flat Major Op. 28, 21 (Br. 123) composed 1838/11-12
Prelude op. 28, 22
for pianoforte in G minor Op. 28, 22 (Br. 107) composed 1836-1838/11
Prelude op. 28, 23
for pianoforte in F Major Op. 28, 23 (Br. 107) composed 1836-1838/11
Prelude op. 28, 24
for pianoforte in D minor Op. 28, 24 (Br. 107) composed 1836-1838/11
Impromptu no. 1 op. 29
for pianoforte in A Flat Major Op. 29 (Br. 110) composed 1837
Mazurka op. 30, 1
for pianoforte in C minor Op. 30, 1 (Br. 105) composed 1836-37
Mazurka op. 30, 2
for pianoforte in B minor Op. 30, 2 (Br. 105) composed 1836-37
Mazurka op. 30, 3
for pianoforte in D Flat Major Op. 30, 3 (Br. 105) composed 1836-37
Mazurka op. 30, 4
for pianoforte in C sharp minor Op. 30, 4 (Br. 105) composed 1836-37
Scherzo no. 2 op. 31
for pianoforte in B flat minor Op. 31 (Br. 111) composed 1837
Nocturne op. 32, 1
for pianoforte in B Major Op. 32, 1 (Br. 106) composed 1836-37
Nocturne op. 32, 2
for pianoforte in A Flat Major Op. 32, 2 (Br. 106) composed 1836-37
Mazurka op. 33, 1
for pianoforte in G sharp minor Op. 33, 1 (Br. 115) composed 1837-38
Mazurka op. 33, 2
for pianoforte in D Major Op. 33, 2 (Br. 115) composed 1837-38
Mazurka op. 33, 3
for pianoforte in C Major Op. 33, 3 (Br. 115) composed 1837-38
Mazurka op. 33, 4
for pianoforte in B minor Op. 33, 4 (Br. 115) composed 1837-38
Waltz op. 34, 1
for pianoforte in A Flat Major Op. 34, 1 (Br. 94) composed 1835/9/15
Waltz op. 34, 2
for pianoforte in A minor Op. 34, 2 (Br. 64) composed 1831
Waltz op. 34, 3
for pianoforte in F Major Op. 34, 3 (Br. 118) composed 1838
Funeral March from Sonata op. 35
for pianoforte in B flat minor Op. 35 (Br. 114) composed 1837
